Recurring vaginitis and cystitis: which role for pathogenic biofilms?

Recurrent cystitis and vaginitis are a prominent part of daily medical consultations in urology and gynecology. The difficulty in addressing recurrences with an effective therapeutic strategy is increasingly frustrating.
Despite the failure in reducing the aggressiveness of bacterial pathogens especially in the uro-genital tract, there is a limited awareness of the clinical importance of polymicrobial biofilm in infectious processes and in their escalating drug-resistance.